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Merback, Mitchell B.,The Thief, the Cross and the Wheel : Pain and the Spectacle of Punishment in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, University of Chicago Press, May 1999.
Medieval Torture Techniques
Gibian, George. "Traditional Symbolism in Crime and Punishment." Crime and Punishment. Norton's Critical Edition. Ed. George Gibian. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1989, 526-543.
Symbolism in "Crime and Punishment"
Matlaw, Ralph E.. "Recurrent Imagery in Crime and Punishment." Crime and Punishment. Norton's Critical Edition. Ed. George Gibian. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1989, 606-609.
Symbolism in "Crime and Punishment"
Amt, Emilie, editor. 1993. Women's Lives in Medieval Europe: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge.
Women in Medieval Europe
David Herlihy, Women, Family, and Society in Medieval Europe: Historical Essays, 1978-1991 ed. Molho, A., (Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1995), 69.
Women in Medieval European Society
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