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Doctrow, E.L. Ragtime. Random House Publishing. New York. 1994
Racism and Oppression in "Ragtime"
Doctrow, E.L. Ragtime. New York: The Penguin Group, 1996.
The Occult in "Ragtime"
Doctorow, E. L. Ragtime. New York: Bantam Books. 1981.
E. L. Doctorow's "Ragtime"
Shaw, Arnold. Black Popular Music In America : From The Spirituals, Minstrels, And Ragtime To Soul, Disco, And Hip-Hop. New York: Schirmer Books, 1986.
The Positive Contribution 1960s Musicians
Berlin, Edward A. "Ragtime - A Musical and Cultural History" London, University of California Press, 1980, p.43-46
Negro Spirituals
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