Bowker, L., and Klein, M. (1993). The etiology of female delinquency and gang membership: A test of psychological and social structure explanations. Adolescence, 8, 731-751.
Gang Involvement
Gordon, Rachel, et al. "Antisocial Behavior and Youth Gang Membership: Selection and Socialization." Criminology 42, no. 1 (2004): 55-88.
The American Criminal Justice System
Esbensen, Finn-Aage. "A multisite examination of youth gang membership: Does gender matter?" Criminology 36, no. 4 (1998): 799-828.
The American Criminal Justice System
Thornberry, T. P. Membership in Gangs and Involvement in Serious and Violent Offending. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk factors and Successful Interventions. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. 1998, pp. 147-166.
Youth Gangs
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2002). Numbers of gangs and gang members. National Youth Gang Survey Trends From 1996 to 2000. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Justice.
Gang Involvement
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