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Edgerton, Robert B. Hidden Heroism: Black Soldiers in America's Wars. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001.
African-Americans in World War II
Brandt, Nat. Harlem at War: The Black Experience in WWII. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1996.
Ethnic Groups in Harlem from 1890-1970
Stuart Hall, "What Is This 'Black' in Black Popular Culture?" in Black Popular Culture, ed. Gina Dent ( Seattle: Bay Press, 1992)
Jean Toomer’s "Cane"
History of African Americans in the Civil War. No date. National Park Service Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System. May 25, 2004 <http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/history/aa_history.htm>.
African-American War Heroes
Voelz, Peter, M.Slaves and Soldiers: The Military Impact of Blacks in the Colonial Americas, (New York: Garland, 1993) 521pp, 10p.
African-Americans: Serving With Pride and Distinction
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